Cora Fox, Bradley J. Irish and Cassie M. Miura, eds., Positive Emotions in Early Modern Literature and Culture. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2021. xii + 225 pp. ISBN: 9781526137135. £85 hardback.
This volume represents a timely and important contribution to the growing scholarly literature on early modern emotions. The editors begin their Introduction with an evocative description of Edmund Spenser’s Garden of Adonis – from Book III of The Faerie Queene – and the birth of Pleasure, noting that ‘pleasure is represented as foundational to creation’ (1). This insight is important, they suggest, because most literary studies of the period have tended to neglect pleasurable and positive feelings in favour of negative ones, such as grief, anger, and melancholy. Pioneering earlier work on this topic by Gail Kern Paster and Michael Schoenfeldt (who provides a generous and positive Afterword) pointed to the humoral body and Galenic medicine as central aspects of early modern culture. According to these critics, early modern emotions were embodied and meteorological forces beyond the individual’s control (Paster), or unruly elements within the body that needed to be tempered and contained through neo-Stoic self-control (Schoenfeldt). In this way, these so-called ‘new humoralist’ critics offered a rather humourless picture of the period, in which the passions were the source of anxiety rather than pleasure. More recently, however, other critics have questioned the dominance of the humoral paradigm, and argued for a greater acknowledgement of agency, positivity, and plurality in early modern emotional experiences. This collection takes its place alongside these newer studies and puts the spotlight on authors who explore textual and emotional pleasures – not only canonical writers such as Thomas Kyd, William Shakespeare, and John Webster, but also less well-known figures, such as the mid-seventeenth-century devotional poet Thomas Traherne.
Some readers might point out that exploring positive emotions in early modern culture is not entirely a novel enterprise, given the emphasis on carnival, comedy, and conviviality that we have seen in other critical work. Yet such critics have generally characterised the carnivalesque in Bakhtinian terms: namely, as a politically conservative phenomenon, in which the fun and frivolity uphold the status quo by temporarily allowing individuals and groups to let off steam, only to be contained once again at the end of the festivities. This collection takes a more agential and optimistic approach, again in line with other recent work in the field, emphasising how comedy can enhance well-being and community rather than simply upholding authority. Another possible objection is that it is simplistic to suggest that any emotion is intrinsically positive or negative; after all, grief can be a necessary and positive response to suffering or loss, while pleasure can be excessive, selfish, or self-indulgent. But the editors address this issue at the outset, writing that the essays ‘productively undercut an easy distinction between categories of “positive” and “negative” emotions’ (1). The collection as a whole demonstrates the ways in which apparently positive and negative emotions are often closely aligned or intermingled, or in a productive dialectic with each other. This recognition of the mixed or ambivalent aspects of early modern emotions chimes with present-day thinking about happiness and pleasure; and the editors connect these questions with the work of theorists including Lauren Berlant and Sarah Ahmed. In addition to such presentist impulses, the essays in the collection re-examine classical and early modern conceptions of happiness and contentment, demonstrating in the process that even the most apparently melancholic texts have a lighter side.
The first section of the book – entitled ‘Rewriting discourses of pleasure’ – offers an appropriately positive reassessment of several early modern texts and contexts. Richard Strier’s chapter ‘Happy Hamlet’ provides an excellent opening to the section and the volume as a whole. Complicating the familiar image of the melancholy Dane, Strier argues that Hamlet is ‘not melancholic by nature (or humoral unbalance)’ (21) and was apparently happy before the events of the play began. For Strier, it is essential to see Hamlet as ‘capable of participating in and enjoying key aspects of both the contemplative and the active life’ (21-22). This involves both remembering the positive version of Hamlet that has been lost and celebrating the witty Prince who finds ‘mirth in funeral’. Similarly, Cassie Miura’s chapter on Robert Burton suggests that laughter is indeed the best medicine and examines the capacity of The Anatomy of Melancholy ‘to provoke mirth and merriment despite its sober subject and dry academic trappings’ (44). Once again pushing against humoral readings, which have tended to regard the Anatomy as a repository of medical learning, Miura focuses on the pleasures and ironies of Burton’s extraordinary text, arguing that ‘laughter enables him to advance a therapeutic program for the melancholy reader that his text performs as much as it describes’ (44). Thus, for example, in Burton’s Rabelaisian catalogue of the foods from which the melancholy reader should abstain, ‘the text ironically participates in the very indulgence that it aims to proscribe’ (54).
Ian Frederick Malton’s chapter on pleasure and happiness in the works of François Rabelais and Michel de Montaigne follows on neatly from Miura’s discussion – focusing on the ways in which both writers ‘repeatedly contend that happiness is to be found above all in the act of reading’ (60). Malton argues that, while Montaigne was pessimistic about the possibility of achieving eudaimonia in the Platonic or Aristotelian sense – that is, attaining fulfilment through reasoned contemplation – he nevertheless embraced the idea that ‘a happy life is one that is lived fully and ended well’ (65). As a wealthy nobleman, Montaigne was able to achieve happiness through browsing and thinking in his library – although, as Malton points out, Montaigne’s life of contemplation was in fact combined with participating in politics and the management of his estates. This relationship between the active and contemplative life is the central theme of Ullrich Langer’s chapter, which explores how the rustic life ‘integrates agriculture (and animal husbandry) into a supreme enjoyment of nature as a garden’ (74). Langer makes the striking argument that pleasure is ‘an element of the active person’ and thus ‘a potential element of agency’ (76). Through exploring works by Flavio Alberto Lollio and Olivier de Serres, Langer suggests that the rustic lifestyle – which involved the management and cultivation of the land – was not entirely different from the active world of the court. Such arguments have wider implications for how we think about other early modern authors, such as Spenser and Andrew Marvell.
The second part of the book focuses on happy communities. Timothy Hamilton takes a more explicitly semantic approach than previous chapters, focusing on the various meanings of ‘cheer’ and ‘cheerfulness’ across the early modern period. Originally a term meaning face (cf. Geoffrey Chaucer’s Man of Law, with his ‘sobre cheere’), ‘cheer’ makes a shift from bodily and corporeal connotations and becomes bound up with rituals of hospitality, community, and Christian charity. It becomes ‘at once somatic, theological and social’ (98). But this shift from the bodily to the social realms means that cheer can potentially be performed or even faked. This idea is demonstrated through brief readings of several Shakespearean texts – including Richard III, Macbeth, Romeo and Juliet and (once again) Hamlet. Paul Joseph Zajac adopts a similarly semantic approach to Shakespeare’s first tetralogy, focusing on the terms ‘content’ and ‘contentment’. Zajac’s key point is that, while contentment is conspicuously absent in the first tetralogy, it is nevertheless invoked as an alternative means of attaining stability: ‘a shrewd treatment of positive emotion exists alongside grim representations of historical hardships’ (110). But, while contentment might represent a lost ideal for English subjects, it is even more difficult to achieve for monarchs like Henry VI.
Bradley Irish’s chapter revisits the territory of his recent monograph on the Tudor court and focuses on the role of factionalism in sixteenth-century politics and the Essex circle. Here one might expect a focus on negative emotions and the ‘gloomy disposition’ (123) of Essex and his followers. But Irish suggests that this faction was also characterised by solidarity, and what the sociologist Randall Collins calls ‘interaction rituals’ (123). Irish uses this theory to illuminate the emotional dynamics and social rituals of the Essex circle, for whom the Earl was a site of collective investment. Essex and his followers ‘shared an affective disposition’ (131), which included pride and excitement as well as bitterness and resentment. In a similar vein, Cora Fox’s chapter on merriness in The Merry Wives of Windsor focuses on a positive female emotional community. Taking issue with Falstaff’s negative characterisation of merriness, which is linked to his leaky and unregulated body, Fox suggests that this sociable emotion provides a way for the wives of Windsor to generate cohesion and boundaries. For her, this is the major cultural work that the play performs: ‘to redefine [merriness] away from its associations with transgressive bodily behavior and … towards a more positive, socially acceptable, and ultimately stabilizing festivity’ (141). Once again invoking the work of Sara Ahmed, Fox offers a fresh characterisation of the play’s merriness that is not simply carnivalesque or biocultural but rather generative of ‘individuals and communities through networks of association’ (143).
The third section of book is more loosely focused on questions of form, attachment, and ambivalence. It begins with an illuminating essay from Leila Watkins on objects and earthly pleasure in the devotional poetry of Thomas Traherne. Watkins argues that Traherne’s poetry merges elements of premodern and modern conceptions of happiness: that is, the earlier idea of eudaimonia as an objective condition of the mind or soul, and the more recent understanding of happiness as a subjective, temporary feeling. Traherne’s poetry is distinctive, she suggests, because it does not simply reject material possessions but rather urges readers ‘to seek happiness in natural objects with real use value’ (157). Unlike other devotional poets from the period, such as Henry Vaughan, Traherne suggests that such objects have an aesthetic and intrinsic as well as symbolic value, and advocates ‘expanding one’s definition of material wealth to include the natural world’ (159). Such insights speak directly to our own cultural moment, when reconnecting with nature is seen as vital to improving our health, happiness, and well-being.
We then have three further chapters on early modern drama. Lalita Pandit Hogan’s chapter on The Duchess of Malfi investigates the relationship between disgust and distrust, arguing that this mixture of emotions makes the play all the more powerful. Drawing upon the idea of ‘moral disgust’ and the insights of Trust Theory, she is especially interested in concepts of imprisonment, surveillance, and service in the play. Eonjoo Park focuses on Thomas Kyd’s The Spanish Tragedy and the concept of ‘aesthetic justice’, which she suggests is even more important than retributive or legal justice. By writing his own dramatic script for a play-within-a-play, Hieronimo ‘channels the obligatory notion of satisfaction into a more aesthetically productive form of emotional satisfaction to enact aesthetic justice’ (185). This involves an instance of ‘situational mimesis’ (193), in which the Duke of Castile and the Viceroy are made to witness the deaths of their sons in order that ‘Hieronimo can transfer to them the same degree of pain and grief that he bore’ (193). One might note, however, that Hieronimo’s emotional satisfaction stems from the pain and suffering of others, reminding us that what is positive or negative depends on one’s position and point of view.
This relativity is acknowledged and explored in Patrick Colm Hogan’s chapter on All’s Well that Ends Well, which emphasises that the valence of a particular emotion is never entirely unequivocal, and that ‘even single emotions are complex and to a degree internally ambivalent’ (200). This leads on to a stimulating discussion of genre, in which Hogan suggests that literary texts – especially in the case of prototypical genres such as comedy and tragedy – play an important part in managing this ambivalence. Yet a problem comedy like All’s Well is a useful test case because its characters are not always likeable and do not fit with certain generic expectations. Hogan concludes that emotions do not exist in a pure form, either in life or literature: ‘ambivalence remains and some genres exhibit ambivalence more extensively than others’ (211). That ambivalence is captured in a line from All’s Well that Hogan does not quote – the First Lord’s aphoristic observation that ‘The web of our life is of a mingled yarn, good and ill together’ (4.3.74-5).
Like several of the preceding essays, Michael Schoenfeldt’s wide-ranging Afterword cautions against any clear opposition between negative and positive emotions. He also offers a pointed critique of previous caricatures of the period: ‘early modern England is certainly not a nightmarish world haunted relentlessly by angst and oppression … but neither is it a relentlessly festive Renaissance fair’ (217-18). Schoenfeldt does conclude, however, by restating his own particular interest in self-control, and offering a new characterisation of the Renaissance – as ‘a continual effort to counterbalance the contrary claims of positive and negative emotions’ (220). Overall, then, reading this book – which is so concerned with the pleasures of the early modern text – is itself a pleasurable experience, and helps us see the period in new and surprising ways. I would have liked to see the contributors draw out the suggestive points of connections between the chapters (this is mostly left for readers to do themselves). Some essays might have done more to bring out the broader significance or contemporary relevance of their analyses, while in other cases the treatments of the primary evidence do not quite live up to the multidisciplinary frames and methodologies presented. Nevertheless, for a book produced during the pandemic – perhaps the most unhappy period of recent times – this project represents a happy and welcome attempt to accentuate the positive in early modern culture, creativity, and scholarship.
Richard Meek
University of Hull
Comments
It opens with an insightful article by Leila Watkins on material possessions and earthly pleasure in Thomas Traherne's religious poetry.
Link / ReplyI think it's nice to explore positive emotions in a novel. It is so interesting!
Link / ReplyTogel online casinos offer a dynamic and engaging gaming experience that combines the thrill of Togel with the convenience of online play.
Link / Reply在选择加拿大网课代修 http://www.wangkedaixiu.com/wkdx/ca/ 机构时，可以通过与对应机构的客服或代表沟通来了解他们的服务流程和服务范围。
Link / ReplyThese institutions offer a wide range of programmes in various fields, providing students with ample opportunities to excel in their chosen career paths.
Link / ReplySet a Budget: Just because you're playing for free doesn't mean you should throw caution to the wind. Set a budget for yourself and stick to it to ensure you're always playing responsibly.
Link / ReplyThe third section of book is more loosely focused on questions of form, attachment, and ambivalence. It begins with an illuminating essay from Leila Watkins on objects and earthly pleasure in the devotional poetry of Thomas Traherne.
Link / ReplyThat's good idea!
Link / ReplyThe red rose toy offers a bold and beautiful option for those who prefer a more vibrant color. Its striking design and powerful features make it a standout choice.
Link / Replyit's to an extraordinary degree cool blog. Interfacing is unimaginably gainful thing.you have truly had any sort of impact
Link / ReplyUsing or creating fake degree certificates is not only unethical but can also have serious legal and professional consequences. It’s important to pursue genuine qualifications and credentials to ensure that your achievements are recognized and respected.
Link / ReplyBest rolex replica watches in the world. Our replicas are made with the highest quality materials and craftsmanship, and they are virtually indistinguishable from the real thing.
Link / ReplyHigh quality, premium products in Watch winder models are at King Watch Winder! Check out custom designed watch winders for Rolex, Hublot, Cartier and more!
Link / ReplyWhen it comes to preserving the precision and longevity of your Rolex timepiece, a quality watch winder is essential. At King Luxury Winder, we offer a range of high-end Rolex watch winders that cater to your every need. Whether you are looking for the best watch winder for Rolex or a stylish Rolex watch winder box, our collection ensures your investment remains in perfect condition.
Link / ReplyTexas Instruments TPS7B4254QDDARQ1 Supplier Linear Voltage Regulators available at TPS7B4254QDDARQ1. View detailed Professional distributor of electronic components - XinJiaDa datasheet, pricing and stock status. Order online or contact us.
Link / ReplyChang Ming International Technology Co., Ltd is a leading independent distributor for electronic components with a strong commitment to delivering the highest quality products and services to customers worldwide.
Link / ReplyIn today's modern world, electricity plays a crucial role in our daily lives. From powering our homes to charging our devices, we rely on electricity for almost everything. However, with great power comes great responsibility.
Link / ReplyMicrochip Technology ATUSB-PCB-80146 Development Boards Accessories available at ATUSB-PCB-80146. View detailed Distributor Specializing In Electronic Components - ORIGCHIP datasheet, pricing and stock status. Order online or contact us.
Link / ReplySHEAT College of Pharmacy is a top-ranked d pharma college in Varanasi, offering high-quality pharmaceutical education and training to aspiring professionals.
Link / ReplyLook no further than best hospital in Varanasi - Infinity Care Hospital. We specialize in providing top-quality services with a patient-centric approach.
Link / ReplyDiscover why SHEAT Public School is considered the best English medium school in Varanasi. With a focus on quality education and holistic development, our school provides an exceptional learning environment for students. Read on to explore the features that make us stand out from the rest.
Link / ReplyEmployers are increasingly vigilant about verifying academic credentials. Using a fake diploma can lead to immediate job loss and long-term damage to your reputation. Pursue real education for a secure and honest career path.
Link / ReplyThe first social network dedicated to the death, dying, funerals and memorials.
Link / ReplyMoreover, the impact of these interactions on mental health can vary.
Link / ReplyI love the soundtracks in bandar slot games. They enhance the overall gaming experience and make it more immersive.
Link / ReplyElectronic components are the foundation of all modern electronics. Without them, the devices we rely on every day would not be possible.
Link / ReplyWe are a top rated window tint shop in the Scottsdale, AZ area. We can help with full window tint for your car or vehicle.
Link / ReplyI’ve been having so much fun with slot gacor hari ini. The payouts are amazing, and the game is so entertaining!
Link / ReplyNestled in the Bukit Timah area, Hillhaven is surrounded by some of Singapore's most beautiful natural landscapes, including the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve and Dairy Farm Nature Park.
Link / Replybreast augmentation BEST CANDIDATES FOR BREAST AUGMENTATION Breast augmentation with implants has come a long way over the past several years.
Link / ReplyAs President of the Cybersecurity Council (CSC), Dr. Gupta’s expertise traverses a myriad of sectors including Government, FinTech, BFSI, IT/ITES, SaaS, Pharmaceuticals, Automotive, Aviation, Manufacturing, Energy, and Telecom. His proficiency in areas such as Information Security, Cyber Security, Audit, Risk Management, Cloud Security, and Privacy Protection has established him as a prominent figure in the cybersecurity domain.
Link / ReplyIf you’re thinking about starting a webcam modeling career, this article is a must-read!
Link / ReplyFor this situation you will start it is essential, it again creates a site a solid noteworthy web webpage:
Link / ReplyBij Het Graveer Café zijn we meesters in het graveren van glas, waarmee we elk glazen item omtoveren tot een uniek en stijlvol kunstwerk. Of het nu gaat om wijnglazen, champagneglazen, whiskeyglazen of gepersonaliseerde geschenken, wij zorgen ervoor dat elk stuk glaswerk een persoonlijk en blijvend tintje krijgt dat gegarandeerd indruk maakt. Met onze vakkundige technieken en oog voor detail creëren we ontwerpen die niet alleen esthetisch zijn, maar ook perfect aansluiten bij de wensen van onze klanten. Laat uw glaswerk stralen met de elegantie en exclusiviteit die alleen Het Graveer Café kan bieden.
Link / ReplyNatuurlijke huidverzorgings producten van Nana Latta Skincare Producten voor de beste natuurlijke huidverzorging. Bel ons vandaag voor meer informatie! Onze producten zijn natuurlijk, veilig, handgemaakt, dierproefvrij en halal.
Link / ReplyBy introducing features such as interest-based matching, Chatuss has made it easier for users to find people with similar hobbies, passions, or goals.
Link / ReplyOne of the primary goals of SA Varsity Student is to help high school learners make informed decisions about their future.
Link / ReplyGreenPower’s business is built around four key application scenarios: portable energy storage, residential energy storage systems, commercial and industrial energy storage systems, and photovoltaic (PV) derivatives.
Link / ReplyTheir commitment to a sustainable future is evident in their products and practices.
Link / ReplyI’ve been really impressed with the Sports Toto site. It’s easy to use, and I love how they offer detailed stats for every game.
Link / ReplyRebirthRO, The only official and authentic Rebirth.RO Ragnarok Online private server. Join the premier RO experience today!
Link / ReplyWater damage can be a homeowner's worst nightmare. Whether it's caused by a burst pipe, a leaky roof, or a natural disaster, the aftermath of water damage can be devastating. In times like these, relying on a professional water damage restoration service can make all the difference. With their expertise and experience, they can help you quickly recover and restore your property to its pre-damage condition. In this article, we will explore some expert tips for finding the right water damage restoration service and ensuring a smooth recovery process.
Link / ReplyIf the Eat and Run Police can reduce dine-and-dash incidents, they’ll be worth every penny. This kind of behavior hurts businesses and employees alike.
Link / ReplyA to a great degree brilliant blog passage. We are really grateful for your blog passage. fight, law usage You will find an extensive measure of techniques in the wake of heading off to your post. I was absolutely examining for. An obligation of appreciation is all together for such post and please keep it up. Mind blowing work.
Link / ReplyThe real-time updates provided by a sports odds API are crucial for users who want to make informed betting decisions. This data helps them stay ahead of the game and increase their chances of winning.
Link / ReplyWhen squirrels invade your home, Toronto's Squirrel Removal Services offer quick and humane solutions to get them out.
Link / ReplyIndulge in the elegance and craftsmanship of VSF Factory Watches without breaking the bank.
Link / ReplyDiscover the best private school in Varanasi for your child's education. Our comprehensive guide provides valuable insights and tips for parents.
Link / ReplyA top cancer hospital in Varanasi is distinguished by its state-of-the-art facilities, personalized treatment plans, and a team of dedicated healthcare.
Link / ReplyDiscover the best business schools in Varanasi 2024 - SHEAT School Of Business leads with innovative MBA programs and distinguished faculties.
Link / ReplyLooking for an affordable Dentist in Phoenix AZ? We are accepting new patients for family, cosmetic, orthodontics dentistry, teeth cleanings, and dental implants.
Link / ReplyHRD Bearing Co., Ltd. is authorized to act as an agent for SKF bearing, FAG bearings, INA bearing, NSK bearing, NTN bearings, and TIMKEN bearings.
Link / ReplyIn addition to its strong focus on quality, Mingya Glasses Co., Ltd. continues to innovate, staying at the forefront of the eyewear industry by embracing new technologies and trends.
Link / ReplyPlan B Facility Services is a top rated and reviewed commercial cleaning and janitorial services company in the Peoria, AZ and Phoenix, AZ area. Contact us at 9299 W Olive Ave, Peoria, AZ 85345 Phone: (623) 455-8405.
Link / ReplyI’m so excited to get started and to learn more from you
Link / ReplyIt’s refreshing to see a company working hard to reduce their environmental impact while still producing fashionable, comfortable products!
Link / ReplyLearn Online Training with Certified Trainers. Become Master in Cisco,Java,Android,Data Science,Machine Learining,AI,Checkpoint,Cyber Security.
Link / ReplyAudemars Piguet Replica - Fake Ap Watche Replica For Sale. We offer a wide selection of Audemars Piguet replica watches. Buy now.
Link / ReplyInjet New Energy's technical team is known for their expertise and continuous innovation in the power supply space. Their solutions are always impressive!
Link / ReplyWelcome to Kaprice Tropical Candle Co., your destination for luxury handmade candles that transform any space into a tropical oasis. Our exquisite collection is meticulously crafted using the finest natural ingredients, ensuring a clean, eco-friendly burn that enhances your ambiance while being kind to the environment.
Link / ReplyAt Credit Main, we pride ourselves on offering the best Credit Repair Services available in the USA. Our dedicated team helps you Improve Credit Score with personalized solutions tailored to your financial needs. Whether you need Credit Counseling or assistance with Debt Consolidation Help, we are here to help you Repair Bad Credit and Fix Credit Fast. Our goal is to ensure that you have access to affordable and professional Credit Report Repair services to get you back on track. Our specialists are experienced in handling all credit-related issues, from Increasing Credit Score to ensuring long-term financial stability. Choose Credit Main to work with a reliable partner in your journey toward financial freedom. Reach out to us today for expert help in improving your credit situation and securing your financial future. Call now for a consultation and start your credit repair journey today!
Link / ReplyBrowse our collection of Patek Philippe replica watches, which include popular models like the Aquanaut and Nautilus. Our replicas are crafted with attention to detail, capturing the essence of this prestigious brand's signature style and precision with United Luxury.
Link / ReplyLook no further than best hospital in Varanasi - Infinity Care Hospital. We specialize in providing top-quality services with a patient-centric approach.
Link / ReplyDiscover the top business schools in Varanasi 2024 - SHEAT School Of Business leads with innovative MBA programs and distinguished faculties.
Link / ReplyDiscover the best private school in Varanasi for your child's education. Our comprehensive guide provides valuable insights and tips for parents.
Link / ReplyYour post is so interesting. Keep sharing!
Link / ReplyWhat I love most about the IVG 2400 is the smooth draw. It feels so natural and delivers great flavor with every puff. The design is also sleek and modern, which is a plus.
Link / ReplyYour online diaries propel more each else volume is so captivating further serviceable It chooses me happen for pull back repeat. I will in a blaze grab your reinforce to stay instructed of any updates.
Link / ReplyHere at this site amazingly the basic material gathering so everybody can value an incredible arrangement.
Link / ReplyLook no further than best hospital in Varanasi - Infinity Care Hospital. We specialize in providing top-quality services with a patient-centric approach.
Link / Replythank you enough for your outstanding sharing of such an important topic.
Link / ReplyThe Ragnarok private server I’m on has regular events and giveaways. It's so much more engaging than the original game, which is why I love it.
Link / ReplyRagnarok private servers offer a more personalized experience. You can choose one with settings that fit your playstyle, like higher rates or more relaxed rules. It's like tailoring the game to your preferences!
Link / ReplyDIAP Media is committed to driving organic growth for Scottsdale companies through effective SEO strategies.
Link / ReplyI love how RebirthRO keeps the spirit of Ragnarok Online alive. The game feels nostalgic but also modern in all the right ways.
Link / ReplyThe events in RebirthRO are always exciting! They keep the game fresh and give you a reason to log in every day. Plus, the rewards are totally worth it!
Link / ReplyThere are many people using these ideas, and it is the best or the users who are in need of the best services that are providing us the right results. There are people who are in need of it and can find more and more services that provide us the right results.
Link / ReplyGetYourVape is one of the UK's best online vape shop! Discover top brands at wholesale prices. Explore a vast selection of vape disposables, e-liquids, coils, and kits.
Link / ReplyWating for more interesting lectures relating these subjects
Link / ReplyTheir products last, and they look great! I always recommend Shantou Chenghai Yate to friends.
Link / ReplyThe Sexual Harassment Case Against Dr. Ayman Attia and New York Internal Medicine, P.C. began on February 5, 2018, when an employee of filed a claim of sexual harassment at the New York State Division of Human Rights.
Link / ReplyElevate your beauty with personalized lash, skin & Brazilian treatments. Shop premium products. Book your Atlanta session for a confidence boost today.
Link / ReplySmart toilets make hygiene so much easier. I’m so glad this technology exists!
Link / ReplyWhole melt extracts give me a satisfying, clean experience. You can taste the natural richness without any chemical interference.
Link / ReplyI found the perfect 90s denim jacket at Blue17! Love that they make authentic vintage affordable and accessible.
Link / ReplyBlue17 has a wonderful variety of styles, from glam to casual, spanning the 40s to the 2000s!
Link / Reply
Link / ReplyEnjoyed reading the article above , really explains everything in detail, the article is very interesting and effective. Thank you and good luck in the upcoming articles
weed millionaire has been a fantastic platform for tapping into the cannabis industry. The tool helps identify profitable trades with its intelligent market analysis. If you're interested in investing in the marijuana market, Weed Millionaire is definitely worth considering.
Link / ReplyI’m all about finding profitable and secure trading tools, and British Bitcoin Profit sounds like it fits the bill.
Link / ReplyHeshan Liantuo offers engineering plastic solutions tailored to meet every industry’s requirements.
Link / ReplyWeight loss and keto-friendly foods made simple and accessible. Absolutely love this place!
Link / ReplyWith many years of experience, Crish Facility Services can offer you a comprehensive range of high-quality commercial cleaning and maintenance solutions.
Link / ReplyKrasiva Windows & Doors offers amazing service for window replacements. Reliable and professional!
Link / ReplyBetel nut packaging with zippers offers a fresh and modern twist to traditional storage methods.
Link / ReplyImpressed by Life Energy’s commitment to natural solutions. Their plant extracts are second to none!
Link / ReplyWorking in Japan has been eye-opening for me. The attention to process and efficiency in every aspect of work is something I didn’t fully understand until I experienced it firsthand.
Link / ReplyTMW Maxwell is a great opportunity for those looking for modern condos in a prime location. Don’t miss it!
Link / ReplyRevivalRO offers the best mid-rate Pre-Renewal PvP server with mobile compatibility for Android and PC. Enjoy lag-free Ragnarok Online with balanced PvP, MVP, and WOE gameplay.
Link / ReplyYou may comment on the demand plan of the blog. You should visit it's mind boggling. Your blog audit would swell up your visitors. I was to a great degree fulfilled to find this site.I expected to thank you for this unimaginable read!!
Link / ReplyIf you want premium quality honey, Pahadi honey is the answer. It’s sourced from remote Himalayan regions, ensuring its purity. Definitely the best honey I’ve ever tasted!
Link / ReplyWhat’s better than playing online slots? Playing with a free chip! The 25RB bonus is a must-try for every slot enthusiast.
Link / ReplyI use this calculator every day for my job, and it never disappoints. It’s incredibly reliable!
Link / ReplyI love how precise this tool is. I’ve used it multiple times, and it’s always spot-on with its results.
Link / ReplyThe integration of sustainable tableware in the catering industry is a step we all need to support for a greener future.
Link / ReplyBescherm uw bedrijf met de cyber security diensten van Daemen ICT. Ontdek kwetsbaarheden met onze gratis security scan en voorkom digitale risico’s. Wij bieden oplossingen op maat om uw bedrijfsdata te beveiligen. Bezoek https://www.daemen-ict.nl/cyber-security-diensten/ en maak vandaag nog uw organisatie cyberproof!
Link / ReplyBij ProCarTech vind je alles op het gebied van car audio, van topmerken zoals JBL tot Android Auto-oplossingen. Of je nu een autoradio zoekt of je geluidssysteem wilt upgraden, onze car audio shop biedt meer dan 100.000 producten. Professionele installatie? Geen probleem, wij geven advies en tonen je de car audio inbouwen kosten. Bezoek onze webshop en breng jouw rijervaring naar een hoger niveau!
Link / ReplyEcht Susteren en Limburg – Uw Betrouwbare Partner voor Schilder- en Allround Kluswerk. Bij MaasAllroundKlus staan vakmanschap en passie centraal.
Link / ReplySports guides simplify even the most complex techniques for players of all levels.
Link / ReplyOrchard Boulevard Condo™ Condo by UOL and Singland. Get Developer Price, Floor Plan, E-Brochure. Book Appointment and View Showflat.
Link / ReplyExplore patient reviews and ratings for Dr. Ayman Attia at Jackson Heights. Known for our sympathetic care and medical expertise, Dr. Attia is dedicated to ensuring the best health outcomes for his patients. Check out the Yelp page for more details and patient testimonials.
Link / ReplyDiscover expert medical care with Dr. Ayman Attia. Visit the Contact Us page on our official website to schedule your appointment or get in touch. Dr. Attia is committed to providing exceptional healthcare services with personalized attention. Connect today to experience top-achieving medical care.
Link / ReplyI recently joined a Ragnarok private server with super high rates, and it's a blast! I’ve leveled up faster than I ever did on the official servers, and the community is really friendly.
Link / ReplyInvesting in efficient charging technologies is a smart and forward-thinking approach. Keep it up!
Link / ReplyThe best part about Ragnarok private servers is how customizable they are. You can join servers with unique settings and content that suit your playstyle.
Link / ReplyZion Road Parcel A Condo™ Condo by CDL and Mitsui Fudosan. Get Developer Price, Floor Plan, E-Brochure. Book Appointment and View Showflat.
Link / ReplyUpper Thomson Road Condo condo boast modern architecture, spacious interiors, and a range of amenities such as swimming pools, gyms, and communal gardens.
Link / ReplyLocated in the prestigious Holland Road enclave, the Holland Drive Condo Singapore is surrounded by lush greenery and enjoys a tranquil ambiance while being.
Link / ReplyCRYPTO30x.com: Stay up-to-date with the latest news and updates in the world of crypto with CRYPTO 30x. Get all the information you need.
Link / ReplySan Pedro Town is the heart of Belize’s real estate market, and RE/MAX’s regional office there provides an unmatched advantage for buyers and investors alike.
Link / ReplyThis volume's exploration of early modern emotions challenges traditional literary analyses by emphasizing the significance of positive feelings, thereby enriching our understanding of the emotional landscape of the period and its diverse authors.
Link / ReplyHaig Road is known for its charm, and Ardor Residence enhances it further. Freehold living at its finest—contact the showflat hotline for more information!
Link / ReplyThe power of user-generated content cannot be overlooked. Developers can encourage satisfied buyers to share photos or testimonials, amplifying their marketing efforts through word of mouth.
Link / ReplyTheir team is incredibly efficient in assembling cost-effective outdoor products.
Link / ReplyTheir 70s costumes bring back the disco fever! Fun, colorful, and perfect for themed parties.
Link / ReplySHEAT Public School is in the heart of Varanasi, known for top-notch education. It focuses on growing students in all ways and keeps learning fresh. The school is ready to help students succeed today and tomorrow.
Link / ReplyIn the heart of Varanasi, Infinity Care Hospital shines as a top healthcare spot. It offers a wide range of medical services to the city's people. This hospital is fully NABH accredited and ECHS empaneled, making it the best in Varanasi.
Link / ReplySHEAT College Varanasi was founded in 2002. It is known as one of the top engineering colleges in Varanasi. The college offers a wide range of engineering and technical programs, including B.Tech and M.Tech courses.
Link / ReplySnel en veilig IPTV bestellen of abonneren doe je bij WatchTivo IP TV. Ontdek ons aanbod en geniet direct. Je kunt meteen starten.
Link / ReplyWOpet is committed to ensuring that pet owners can embrace boundless love for their pets by offering high-quality smart products that strengthen the bond between pets and their families.
Link / ReplyFree Credit no Deposit | Free Credit Malaysia | Slot Free Credit | Slot Game | JILI Slot | Nextspin | Mega888 | 918Kiss | Spribe | aviator | Heylink Free Credit | Free Credit RM5 | Free Credit 2024
Link / ReplyTheir expertise in pest management is impressive. I felt confident in their ability to handle my pest issues!
Link / ReplyDiscover the ultimate streaming experience with our IPTV free trial! Enjoy excellent quality across multiple devices, from your TV to your smartphone. With a monthly subscription, you gain access to over 60,000 top movies and 10,000 premium channels, offering something for every taste. Whether you're into blockbuster hits, live sports, or international news, our service ensures endless entertainment without compromise. Try it today and see why Streaming Nordic IPTV TV is the perfect choice for your home entertainment. Don’t wait—explore the world of high-quality streaming now!
Link / ReplyBij ProCarTech Auto Accessoires zorgen we ervoor dat jouw auto perfect is afgestemd op jouw wensen en de seizoenen. Maak je auto winterklaar met onze uitgebreide service, inclusief controle en accessoires voor koude omstandigheden. Wil je veiliger rijden? Kies voor de professionele inbouw van een achteruitrijcamera. Voor ultiem gebruiksgemak installeren we CarPlay of Android Auto, zodat je altijd verbonden blijft. Geef je interieur een luxe uitstraling met sfeerverlichting of ambient light, helemaal op maat. Voor een sportieve look lakken en spuiten we jouw remklauwen in jouw favoriete kleur. ProCarTech: kwaliteit en stijl voor jouw auto!
Link / ReplySchoonmaakbedrijf Gent - Parfait - Professioneel schoonmaakbedrijf. Uw kuisfirma voor zowel particulieren als bedrijven.
Link / ReplyFrom cloud hosting and dedicated servers to different hosting solutions, our brands deliver the tools and support that business owners need to fuel their online presence and reach customers everywhere around the globe.
Link / ReplyWe are an independent fiduciary outsource option for employer sponsored Retirement plan administration.
Link / ReplyIn keeping with other contemporary work in the field, this collection adopts a more agential and hopeful stance, highlighting how comedy can improve community and well-being rather than merely preserving authority.
Link / ReplyYou must log in to comment.