Medieval Literature Class

Whan that Aprill with his shoures soote
The droghte of March hath perced to the roote,
And bathed every veyne in swich licour
Of which vertu engendred is the flour;
Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth
Inspired hath in every holt and heeth
The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne
Hath in the Ram his half cours yronne,
And smale foweles maken melodye,
That slepen al the nyght with open ye
(So priketh hem nature in hir corages),
Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages,
And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes,
To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes;
And specially fram every shires ende
Of Engelond to Caunterbury they wende,
The hooly blisful martir for to seke,
That hem hath holpen whan that they were seeke.

Bifil that in that seson on a day,
In Southwerk at the Tabard as I lay
Redy to wenden on my pilgrymage
To Canterbury with ful devout corage,
At nyght was come into that hostelrye
Wel nyne and twenty in a compaignye
Of sondry folk, by aventure yfalle
In felaweshipe, and pilgrimes were they alle,
That toward Caunterbury wolden ryde.
The chambres and the stables weren wyde,
And wel we weren esed atte beste.
And shortly, whan the sonne was to reste,
So hadde I spoken with hem everichon
That I was of hir felaweshipe anon,
And made forward erly for to ryse,
To take oure wey ther as I yow devyse.

First Impressions

After listening to the poem, it might be clear to you that you already knew the following words (and many more), even if their modern English form is slightly different:

Middle English Word
Modern English Equivalent
shoures
showers
soote
sweet
perced
pierced
droghte
drought
flour
flower
breeth
breath
heeth
heath
tendre
tender
croppes
crops

By listening to Middle English in this way, and training your ear to hear the Modern English word, you will quickly realise that you already know a great deal of Middle English vocabulary.

You will also have noticed words that have no equivalent in Modern English:

Middle English Word
Modern English Sense
eek
also
holt
grove
palmeres
pilgrims
strondes
shores
ferne
distant
halwes
shrines
kowthe
known
wende
move
forward (as noun)
agreement

If you were studying Middle English, it would be necessary to learn these words. This might not be so arduous, however, since many of them have cousins in languages you might already know. Thus 'ferne', for example, is related to German 'fern', 'distant'. Those who know French will spot very many cousins between that language and Middle English (as in 'flour' and 'tendre' above). Those who know Latin will recognise the ancestors of many words used here (as in 'vertu' below).

A third set words will consist of those that do have Modern English forms, but whose sense has either shifted or narrowed:

Middle English Word
Modern English Sense
licour
liquid
vertu
force, power
inspired
breathed (from Latin: 'spirare', to breath)
priketh
spurs
corages
vital spirits, feelings
aventure
chance
devyse
tell, relate

A final set of words might be the proper nouns with which you might be unfamiliar:

Proper noun
Sense
Zephirus
west wind
Ram
zodiacal sign of Aries, the Ram
Tabard
a Southwark inn

Read the text over silently again, and its prose sense should be clear to you.

©James Simpson 2000