Medieval Literature Class

Whan that Aprill with his shoures soote
The droghte of March hath perced to the roote,
And bathed every veyne in swich licour
Of which vertu engendred is the flour;
Whan Zephirus eek with his sweete breeth
Inspired hath in every holt and heeth
The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne
Hath in the Ram his half cours yronne,
And smale foweles maken melodye,
That slepen al the nyght with open ye
(So priketh hem nature in hir corages),
Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages,
And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes,
To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes;
And specially fram every shires ende
Of Engelond to Caunterbury they wende,
The hooly blisful martir for to seke,
That hem hath holpen whan that they were seeke.

Bifil that in that seson on a day,
In Southwerk at the Tabard as I lay
Redy to wenden on my pilgrymage
To Canterbury with ful devout corage,
At nyght was come into that hostelrye
Wel nyne and twenty in a compaignye
Of sondry folk, by aventure yfalle
In felaweshipe, and pilgrimes were they alle,
That toward Caunterbury wolden ryde.
The chambres and the stables weren wyde,
And wel we weren esed atte beste.
And shortly, whan the sonne was to reste,
So hadde I spoken with hem everichon
That I was of hir felaweshipe anon,
And made forward erly for to ryse,
To take oure wey ther as I yow devyse.

Developing Your Thoughts

If the rhyme on 'corages' and 'pilgrimages' suggests a difference between the natural and the cultural world, then what of the diction of the passage? Is it significant that the first, subordinate clauses contain many classical references? We might have forgotten it, but our names for the months (here 'Aprill' and 'March') are derived from classical Roman, and therefore non-Christian sources. 'Zephirus' is the Roman god responsible for the west wind, and the Ram is a sign of the zodiac, not itself a Christian symbol. While those kinds of words, and many others designating natural processes, appear in the subordinate clause, the words of the main clauses are drawn from a religious lexical set, here related to the business of pilgrimage ('palmeres', 'halwes', 'martir').

In this very formal sentence, one might also notice that the register of the diction is not at all colloquial. It contains, rather, words of a technical cast: the subordinate clauses contain many words to do with natural processes, often Latinate in origin and scientific (e.g. 'veyne', 'vertu', 'engendred', 'inspired').

Are there any other aspects of style in the first sentence that you would isolate?

 

©James Simpson 2000